Layer: Total Human Impact (ID: 57)

Parent Layer: Global

Name: Total Human Impact

Display Field:

Type: Raster Layer

Geometry Type: null

Description: <DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>The Human Impacts on Oceans data set identifies the areas of the oceans that are most- and least- impacted by human stressors. This 5 km resolution global map was created by Stanford University (Stanford), Imperial College London (Imperial), and University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). This study considered 20 ocean ecosystem types and 19 stressors. The 19 stressors considered were artisanal fishing, 5 types of commercial fishing (pelagic vs. demersal, high vs. lowbycatch, destructive of habitat vs. nondestructive), commercial shipping, inorganic pollution, organic pollution, nutrient pollution, ocean-based pollution, light pollution, invasive species, 4 climate-change stressors (warming, acidification, sea-level rise, UV changes), direct human use, and oil rigs. Stressor inputs into the model come from data sets for years ranging from 1981 to 2013. The sensitivity of each ecosystem type to each stressor was determined by surveying 135 experts from 19 countries, and these sensitivities were used to weight the impacts of the stressors in different areas of the ocean.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Modeling the vulnerability of ecosystems is challenging for many reasons. Ecosystem response to different stressors is often simplified for model development and the combined effects of multiple stressors on an ecosystem are not always well-understood. Additionally, relevant data may be missing or contain errors. Ignoring this uncertainty can lead to poor ocean management decisions. This map identifies regions of the oceans with high and low human impacts that were robust to these uncertainties, meaning that these areas were identified as being highly or minimally impacted by humans in simulations run over a range of plausible ecological conditions.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P><P><SPAN>Seven different factors of uncertainty were tested in 3000 simulations, each of which produced a map of the human impact on different parts of the ocean. Within each map, the 25% of ocean areas with the highest and lowest human impacts, respectively, were identified. The number of times each grid cell was categorized as a high-impact area or a low-impact area was counted. This map shows grid cells that were identified in each category in 75-90% of the simulation runs (High/Low Impact Likely) and in over 90% of the simulation runs (High/Low Impact Very Likely). Resource Watch shows only a subset of the data set. For access to the full data set and additional information, see the Learn More link.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN /></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>

Copyright Text: Stock, A., Crowder, L. B., Halpern, B. S., & Micheli, F. (2018). Uncertainty analysis and robust areas of high and low modeled human impact on the global oceans. Conservation Biology.

Default Visibility: false

MaxRecordCount: 0

Supported Query Formats: JSON, geoJSON, PBF

Min Scale: 0

Max Scale: 0

Supports Advanced Queries: false

Supports Statistics: false

Has Labels: false

Can Modify Layer: false

Can Scale Symbols: false

Use Standardized Queries: true

Supports Datum Transformation: true

Extent:

Drawing Info:

N/A Advanced Query Capabilities:

HasZ: false

HasM: false

Has Attachments: false

HTML Popup Type: esriServerHTMLPopupTypeNone

Type ID Field: null

Fields: None

Supported Operations: Query Query Attachments Query Analytic Generate Renderer Return Updates

Iteminfo Thumbnail Metadata